So apparently many people are interested in a good backup solution in general, so I will present to you the one I am mainly using and I personally think it is better than all the backup solutions I have seen being talked about in the whole forum, together.
BorgBackup Github
BorgBackup Documentation
What is BorgBackup?
BorgBackup (short: Borg) is a deduplicating backup program. Optionally, it supports compression and authenticated encryption.
The main goal of Borg is to provide an efficient and secure way to backup data. The data deduplication technique used makes Borg suitable for daily backups since only changes are stored. The authenticated encryption technique makes it suitable for backups to not fully trusted targets.
Main Features
Space efficient storage
Deduplication based on content-defined chunking is used to reduce the number of bytes stored: each file is split into a number of variable length chunks and only chunks that have never been seen before are added to the repository.
Speed
- performance critical code (chunking, compression, encryption) is implemented in C/Cython
- local caching of files/chunks index data
- quick detection of unmodified files
Data encryption
All data can be protected using 256-bit AES encryption, data integrity and authenticity is verified using HMAC-SHA256. Data is encrypted clientside.
Compression
All data can be optionally compressed:
- lz4 (super fast, low compression)
- zstd (wide range from high speed and low compression to high compression and lower speed)
- zlib (medium speed and compression)
- lzma (low speed, high compression)
Off-site backups
Borg can store data on any remote host accessible over SSH. If Borg is installed on the remote host, big performance gains can be achieved compared to using a network filesystem (sshfs, nfs, …).
Backups mountable as filesystemsFree and Open Source Software
- security and functionality can be audited independently
- licensed under the BSD (3-clause) license, see License for the complete license
The catch with BorgBackup is that it takes some time to understand the concept and use it appropriately. It definitely takes some time getting used to, especially for people not familiar with advanced backup solutions. But once you get the gist of it, it will definitely be a pleasure and I am sure a majority would stick to this solution for most backup targets.
Here’s how I personally would explain how it works and how I use it
The program has 2 main functions. The first is creating a repository, the second is creating an archive within a repository.
Repository
The repository is basically the world that stores all the content as archives for you. The special thing about this world is that every single thing exists only once. Everyone can have a simulation of all things, e.g. everyone can have an orange and use it in this world, but actually there is literally only a single orange in the whole world.
Archive
An archive is a certain state of the world, defined by the time the state (snapshot, basically) was captured. Let’s say, yesterday your brother had an orange, but your sister and you had none. Today, your brother gives you an orange, so you have one now, but your sister and brother have none. If you create a snapshot, i.e. archive, every day in the evening, then there will be 2 archives. 1 from yesterday where your brother had an orange but your sister and you didn’t, the second one is from today where you have an orange but your brother and sister have none. That means that you have 2 entire archives that are basically standalone (you can delete one of them and the other one will remain as it should) while the space used for both archives equals to the space only 1 archive uses because all that changed in the world is that the orange changed its owner, so no additional data was added, which means that the size of the new archive seems to increase by 0 because the other archive already contains the needed data for the new archive.
Now if your sister gets an orange tomorrow, so that you and your sister have one each now, then the archive from tomorrow will only increase the size of the respository by a couple of bytes (if the size of owning an orange would be a couple of bytes, that is; NOTE: the orange itself does not get duplicated, the only thing that gets saved additionally, is that your sister has the orange now, but the orange exists only once in the whole world, as explained above).
Now comes the even more interesting part. Let’s say, every day there are major changes in the whole world but the only thing you care about is the orange situation at home, for now. Your very first archive already contains the whole world ( i.e. e.g. root directory / ). Now further backups only make a snapshot of the orange situation ( i.e. e.g. /home/*/oranges-directory ). This directory is part of the root directory so all the data is already in the initial backup and doesn’t need to be additionally stored. The only thing that is stored in the newest archive, are the changes in the oranges-directory, effectively ignoring all other changes in other places.
Real world example
I had a repository containing an initial archive of my root directory /. Yesterday, I created an additional archive of my Downloads folder, because I downloaded some .deb files; i.e. /home/user/Downloads. Today, I updated my Debian archive mirror, so I only backed up the /var/debian folder. Tomorrow, I will update the whole root directory / once again.
How much space will all this use? I have 2 separate backups from 2 separate days from the whole root directory / and yet all the space that will be used is pretty much the space that the whole root directory / + the couple of .deb files I downloaded, need. Nothing else. My Debian archive mirror only updated the packages, didn’t add any new ones. My system overall didn’t change much, except I have a couple more .deb files in my Downloads folder. So you can pretty much have 100s of different archives, each saving the state of when the snapshot was taken and at what location, but the size won’t increase, at all, except you actually add entirely new data. Therefore it already takes almost no space to backup everything you need to backup, and yet you can optionally compress everything, too, so the space needed is EVEN SMALLER.
Real world example from my Raspberry Pi system:
The root directory / of my Raspberry Pi 3B takes about 12-14GB of space on my SD card. The actual initial Borg archive of the whole SD card takes up about 4GB in space, after low compression (so you can compress the data even higher if you have a more compute ready machine).
Now, do you have several Raspberry Pis but don’t want to use ~4GB for each Raspberry Pi? No problem, just make archives of all the different Pis in the same repository and if the data on all the Raspberry Pis is more or less the same datawise, then the repository will be maybe ~4.5-5GB in size, despite backing up 4 Raspberry Pis (real world example from my own setup).
I hope I could explain the system well enough to you, since I had to try out BorgBackup several times to finally get the gist of how to use it at best.
P.S.: You can also safely encrypt all your backup data. I personally don’t need that option, but it definitely pumps up the value of this backup solution by a whole lot, as well.