Since you set the category to “General Linux Discussion”, I am confused if the OS is Android, AOSP(Android Open Source Project)-based OS like /e/OS or LineageOS, a Linux distribution like Ubuntu Touch or or an OS like Sailfish OS.
Since the subject “de-googling” is most likely related to Android, I assume that you are concerned with an AOSP-based OS, in which you can install .apk files.
I currently don’t have an Android (or its based) phone, so this may be unclear, but I try to make it clear.
If the OS is Android-based
The two apps I know which are capable of logging IP calls are NoRoot Firewall and NetGuard. I haven’t used NetGuard much, but it is likely to work the same way.
I think your OS does not contain Play Store (since it is de-googled), so I recommend downloading this app from APK Mirror or APK Pure (I don’t know if it would be the safe, but since both the sites are well known and since DuckDuckGo has !bang search support for them, I assume that they are likely to be safe.
Guide with NoRoot Firewall
After installing NoRoot Firewall, by default, it blocks all the apps and IPs (in other words, the internet connection) and logs the IP addresses that were attempted to connect with.
The easier way is enabling internet access app-by-app and check the logs (green-colored and checked) for IPs pinged.
Now it’s difficult to check which IP is owned by Google and which isn’t or which IP’s owner shares data with google and which not. Not every IP needs to be owned by google, even those not owned by Google can share data to third parties. This is where trust comes.
At least, what you can try is that getting some information including the approximate location of the IPs in IP looking websites like https://ipleak.net. You would not get the owner name of the IP there, but you can at least get the approximate location of the IP and verify if you are pinging to a wrong location.
Guide with router:
Many routers support logging the IPs that were attempted to be connected. If your router is one of them, you can try connecting it only to your phone, or connecting another device just to lively monitor. This way is better than the firewall one I mentioned above, because in case if your OS tries to connect to an IP before the firewall starts, you can get it logged here.
This is what I know and tried, I shared. I hope it helps.